Profile drag, also known as pressure drag or form drag, is the drag caused by the separation of the boundary layer from a surface and the wake created by that separation.

It is primarily dependent upon the shape of the object and increases directly with speed as the faster an aircraft moves the more air molecules collide with it.

This speed is defined to be equal to the greater of stall speed (Vso) multiplied by 1.3, or stall speed (Vs1g) multiplied by 1.23.

The landing configuration that is to be taken into consideration can be defined by either the operator or by the aeroplane manufacturer but is most commonly assigned by the manufacturer.

OM = DOM + crew and fuel

TAS will increase.

When rolling the aircraft the up-going wing will experience more drag than the down-going wing. This will result in a yawing moment that directly opposes the desired direction of turn. (i.e.: rolling left will cause a right yaw.)

Minimum Safe Altitude.

Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).

Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.

An aerofoil is a body shaped to produce an aerodynamic reaction (lift) perpendicular to its direction of motion, for a small resistance (drag) force in that plane. It achieves this by accelerating the flow passing over it, and decelerating the flow passing under it. This change in velocity causes a change in pressure, which in turn generates lift.

Hypoxia, a lack of oxygen to tissues of the body due to low partial pressure at altitude.

Symptoms are: blue lips, apparent personality change, impaired judgement, muscular impairment, short term memory loss, sensory loss, hyperventilation, unconsciousness.

Other possible effects:

• Baurotrauma

• Lung damage

Average range over land 20 - 25 miles.

Range for an NDB can be calculated with:

2√power output in Watts = Range (Land) 3√ power output in Watts = Range (Water)